Biography of Ramses II

Ramses II (ca 1303 BC – 1213 BC) was one of the most powerful and influential Egyptian pharaohs in history. He led expeditions and focused on building up the New Kingdom, and most likely reigned longer than any other pharaoh. Fast Facts: Ramses II Full Name:  Ramses II (alternative spelling Ramesses II)Also Known As: Usermaatre  SetepenreOccupation: Pharaoh of ancient EgyptBorn: circa 1303 BCDied: 1213 BCKnown For: The longest-reigning pharaoh in history, Ramses IIs reign defined the New Kingdom era of Egypt as one of conquest, expansion, building, and culture.Prominent Spouses: Nefertari (died circa 1255 BC), IsetnofretChildren: Amun-her-khepsef, Ramses, Meritamen, Bintanath, Pareherwenemef, Merneptah (future Pharaoh), and others Early Life and Reign Little is known about Ramses’ early life. His exact year of birth is not confirmed but is widely believed to be 1303 BC. His father was Seti I, the second pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, founded by Ramses I, the grandfather of Ramses II. Most likely, Ramses II came to the throne in 1279 BC, when he was approximately 24 years old. At some point prior to this, he married his future queen consort, Nefertari. Over the course of their marriage, they had at least four sons and two daughters, and possibly more, although historians have uncertain evidence of children beyond the six who are clearly mentioned in documents and on carvings. A statue of Ramses II stands in the Temple of Karnak in Luxor, Egypt. David Callan / Getty Images In the first few years of his reign, Ramses foreshadowed his later power with battles against sea pirates and the beginning of major building projects. His earliest known major victory came in the second year of his reign, probably 1277 BC, when he defeated the Sherden pirates. The Sherden, who most likely originated from Ionia or Sardinia, were a fleet of pirates who kept attacking cargo ships en route to Egypt, damaging or outright crippling Egyptian sea trade. Ramses also began his major building projects within the first three years of his reign. On his orders, the ancient temples in Thebes were completely renovated, specifically to honor Ramses and his power, revered as nearly divine. The stone carving methods used by past pharaohs resulted in shallow carvings which could easily be remade by their successors. In place of this, Ramses ordered much deeper carvings that would be harder to undo or alter in the future. Military Campaigns By the fourth year of his reign, approximately 1275 BC, Ramses was making major military moves to regain and expand Egypt’s territory. He began with war against the nearby Canaan, the region to the northeast of Egypt where the countries of the Middle East such as Israel now are located. One story from this era involves Ramses personally fighting a wounded Canaanite prince and, upon victory, taking the Canaanite prince to Egypt as prisoners. His military campaigns extended into areas previously held by the Hittites and, eventually, Syria. Wall carvings of Ramsess army defeating the Hittites.   skaman306 / Getty Images The Syrian campaign was one of the key points of Ramses’ early reign. Around 1274 BC, Ramses fought in Syria against the Hittites with two goals in mind: expanding Egypt’s borders, and replicating his father’s triumph at Kadesh about ten years earlier. Although Egyptian forces were outnumbered, he was able to counterattack and force the Hittites back into the city. However, Ramses realized his army wasn’t able to sustain the kind of siege required to take down the city, so he returned to Egypt, where he was building a new capital city, Pi-Ramesses. A few years later, however, Ramses was able to return to Hittite-held Syria and eventually pushed further north than any pharaoh in over a century. Unfortunately, his northern victories did not last long, and a small bit of land kept going back and forth between Egyptian and Hittite control. In addition to his campaigns in Syria against the Hittites, Ramses led military attempts in other regions. He spent some time, alongside his sons, on military action in Nubia, which had been conquered and colonized by Egypt a few centuries prior but continued to be a thorn in its side. In a surprising turn of events, Egypt actually became a place of refuge for a deposed Hittite king, Mursili III. When his uncle, the new king á ¸ ªattuÃ… ¡ili III demanded Mursili’s extradition, Ramses denied all knowledge of Mursili’s presence in Egypt. As a result, the two countries remained on the brink of war for several years. In 1258 BC, however, they chose to formally end the conflict, resulting in one of the earliest known peace treaties in human history (and the oldest with surviving documentation). In addition, Nefertari kept up a correspondence with Queen Puduhepa, á ¸ ªattuÃ… ¡ili’s wife. Buildings and Monuments Even more than his military expeditions, the reign of Ramses was defined by his obsession with building. His new capital city, Pi-Ramesses, featured multiple huge temples and a sprawling palatial complex. Over the course of his reign, he did more building than any of his predecessors. Aside from the new capital city, Ramses’ most enduring legacy was an enormous temple complex, dubbed the Ramesseum by the Egyptologist Jean-Franà §ois Champollion in 1829. It included large courtyards, enormous statues of Ramses, and scenes representing his army’s greatest victories and Ramses himself in the company of several deities. Today, 39 of the 48 original columns are still standing, but much of the rest of the temple and its statues have long since disappeared. The Great Temple at Abu Simbel is generally considered the greatest of the temples built during the reign of Ramses II. Tom Schwabel / Getty Images When Nefertari died, approximately 24 years into Ramses’ reign, she was buried in a tomb fit for a queen. The wall paintings inside the structure, depicting the heavens, the deities, and Nefertari’s presentation to the gods, are considered some of the most exquisite achievements in art in ancient Egypt. Nefertari was not Ramses’ only wife, but she was honored as the most important. Her son, the crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef, died a year later. Later Reign and Popular Legacy After reigning for 30 years, Ramses II celebrated the traditional jubilee held for the longest-ruling pharaohs, called a Sed festival. By this point in his reign, Ramses had already achieved most of the accomplishments he would be known for: expanding and maintaining the kingdom’s territory, improving the infrastructure, and building new monuments. Sed festivals were held every three (or, sometimes, two) years after the first one; Ramses ended up celebrating 13 or 14 of them, more than any other pharaoh before him. After reigning for 66 years, Ramses’ health deteriorated, as he suffered from arthritis and problems with his arteries and teeth. He died at the age of 90 and was succeeded by his son (the oldest son to outlive Ramses), Merneptah. He was first buried in the Valley of the Kings, but his body was moved to deter looters. In the 20th century, his mummy was taken to France for examination (which revealed that the pharaoh was most likely a fair-skinned redhead) and preservation. Today, it resides at the Museum of Cairo. One of the statues of Ramses II at the Temple of Luxor in Egypt. inigoarza  / Getty Images Ramses II was called the â€Å"Great Ancestor† by his own civilization, and several subsequent pharaohs took the regnal name Ramses in his honor. He’s often depicted in popular culture, and is one of the candidates for the pharaoh described in the Book of Exodus, although historians have never been able to determine conclusively who that pharaoh was. Ramses remains one of the best-known pharaohs and one who exemplifies what we know of the ancient Egyptian rulers. Sources Clayton, Peter. Chronology of the Pharaohs. London: Thames Hudson, 1994.Kitchen, Kenneth. Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. London: Aris Phillips, 1983.Rattini, Kristin Baird. â€Å"Who Was Ramses II?† National Geographic, 13 May 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/people/reference/ramses-ii/.

Noble Gases Properties

The right column of the periodic table contains seven elements known as the inert or noble gases. Learn about the properties of the noble gas group of elements. Key Takeaways: Noble Gas Properties The noble gases are group 18 on the periodic table, which is the column of elements on the right side of the table.There are seven noble gas elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and oganesson.Noble gases are the least reactive chemical elements. They are nearly inert because the atoms have a full valence electron shell, with little tendency to accept or donate electrons to form chemical bonds. Location and List  of the Noble Gases  on the Periodic Table The noble gases, also known as the inert gases or rare gases, are located in Group VIII or International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) group 18 of the periodic table. This is the column of elements along the far right side of the periodic table.  This group is a subset of the nonmetals.  Collectively, the elements are also called the helium group or the neon group. The noble gases are: Helium (He)Neon  (Ne)Argon (Ar)Krypton (Kr)Xenon (Xe)Radon (Rn)Oganesson (Og) With the exception of oganesson, all of these elements are gases at ordinary temperature and pressure. There havent been enough atoms produced of oganesson to know its phase for certain, but most scientists predict it will be a liquid or solid. Both radon and oganesson consist only of radioactive isotopes. Noble Gas Properties The noble gases are relatively nonreactive. In fact, they are the least reactive elements on the periodic table.  This is because they have a complete valence shell. They have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. In 1898, Hugo Erdmann coined the phrase noble gas to reflect the low reactivity of these elements, in much the same way as the noble metals are less reactive than other metals.  The noble gases have high ionization energies and negligible electronegativities. The noble gases have low boiling points and are all gases at room temperature. Summary of Common Properties Fairly nonreactiveComplete outer electron or valence shell (oxidation number 0)High ionization energiesVery low electronegativitiesLow boiling points (all monatomic  gases at room temperature)No color, odor, or flavor under ordinary conditions (but may form colored liquids and solids)NonflammableAt low pressure, they will conduct electricity and fluoresce Uses of the Noble Gases The noble gases are used to form inert atmospheres, typically for arc welding, to protect specimens, and to deter chemical reactions. The elements are used in lamps, such as neon lights and krypton headlamps, and in lasers. Helium is used in balloons, for deep-sea diving air tanks,  and to cool superconducting magnets. Misconceptions About the Noble Gases Although the noble gases have been called the rare gases, they arent particularly uncommon on Earth or in the universe. In fact, argon is the 3rd or 4th most abundant gas in the atmosphere  (1.3 percent by mass or 0.94 percent by volume), while neon, krypton, helium, and xenon are notable trace elements.​ For a long time, many people believed the noble gases to be completely nonreactive and unable to form chemical compounds. Although these elements dont form compounds readily, examples of molecules containing xenon, krypton, and radon have been found. At high pressure, even helium, neon, and argon participate in chemical reactions. Sources of the Noble Gases Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon all are found in air and are obtained by liquefying it and performing fractional distillation. The major source of helium is from the  cryogenic separation of natural gas. Radon, a radioactive noble gas, is produced from the  radioactive decay of heavier elements, including radium, thorium, and uranium. Element 118 is a man-made radioactive element, produced by striking a target with accelerated particles. In the future, extraterrestrial sources of noble gases may be found. Helium, in particular, is more abundant on larger planets than it is on Earth. Sources Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Lehmann, J (2002). The Chemistry of Krypton. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 233–234: 1–39. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00202-3Ozima, Minoru; Podosek, Frank A. (2002). Noble Gas Geochemistry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80366-7.Partington, J. R. (1957). Discovery of Radon. Nature. 179 (4566): 912. doi:10.1038/179912a0Renouf, Edward (1901). Noble gases. Science. 13 (320): 268–270.

Gossip Is An Evolutionary Theory - 861 Words

Gossip is defined as participating in casual conversation about person(s) for the conversation. It has been present through out every part of the world where the use of gossip has created a functioning society. Citizens have talked about other individuals on their behaviours to how the act. It is known to be an evolutionary theory that gossip is what help societies survive. These little chatters give information to their surrounding social groups guidance on how someone should live their lives. Gossip is not only an information source but it gives additional costs and benefits, such as, friendship qualities, a person’s self esteem, the manipulative side of individuals, how gossipers are view, and what information is pass along to whom. A review of the five articles will be critically analyzed with recommendation on future studies on the topic of gossip. Gossip is how bonds are strengthened as well as a place of belong within a group. A study done by Watson (2012), saw that there was a gender difference between how females and males on friendship qualities. To test this, there were N=238 (167 female undergraduate participants and 69 male undergraduates). There was some diversity in student statuses, with 80% non-minority, 20% minority which include 6% aboriginal students. All the participants took two tests which consists of: the Tendency to Gossip Questionnaire (TGQ) by Nevo et. Al. (1993, 1994) and the Friendship Questionnaire (FQ) by Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright (2003). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution And Portrayals Of Family Sitcoms Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesThis topic of research and study is important because it not only analyzes, but perfectly displays the evolution changes of family portrayal and family roles in sitcoms in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 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Rumour’s general definition refers to misinformation of stories being communicated on a public scope. Gossip and rumour is one of the oldest forms ofRead MoreRumour and Gossip in the Workplace - Literature Review2943 Words   |  12 PagesAssignment 3 Hanna Darwish Rumour and gossip in the workplace Introduction People understand gossip and rumour whether experiencing it first hand or being the provider of information to create the gossip or rumour. The large proportion of gossip is devoted to a person who is not present in the discussion (Wielers, 1998 amp; sitzman, 2006). Rumour’s general definition refers to misinformation of stories being communicated on a public scope. Gossip and rumour is one of the oldest forms of

Essay on How Dreams Lead to Success - 538 Words

A quote by Sarah Ban Breathnach states, the world needs dreamers and the world needs doers. But above all, the world needs dreamers who do. This quote means that dreams mean nothing if you do not have your own inclination to go after them; you can a have a dream but if you are not going to exert oneself, then what is the purpose? Your dreams are a vision you see, it is your goals, it is the reason you wake up every day, and it is something you could never give up doing. Your success in life starts with a dream; in order to lead your dreams to success you must be determined, have courage, as well as have a passion for what you do. A quote by Og Mandino states, failure will never overtake me if my determination to succeed is strong enough.†¦show more content†¦Martin Luther King Jr. saw in his mind. To lead your dreams to success or where you plan to be in life it is imperative to have a passion, it should be your passion something no one else can take away from you. Everyone has a different passion and your passion should be your dream and your dream should lead you to your personal success. Ascendency is different for everyone success for most people is being unquestionably wealthy, but for success may be living a jocular life. Your dreams should something you love to do so much you love getting up every day to do it, your dream should be something that if nobody paid you to do it you would still be ecstatic to get up at three in the morning and do it. Your dream should be a craving, something you cannot live without and you should be sure others see that you cannot live without this. All in all, to lead your dreams to success you are obliged to never give up, stay in a determined mindset, and forget the negative comments you run across. You must also have courage to stand up for what you believe in or what you believe is right. 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The History of Automobile Free Essays

1. The history of automobile The first working steam-powered vehicle was probably designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672. It was a 65 cm-long scale-model toy for the Chinese Emperor, that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Automobile or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not known if Verbiest’s model was ever built. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle. He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts. His inventions were however handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure. In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and was of little practical use. In 1807 Nice phore Nie and his brother Claude probably created the world’s pce first internal combustion engine which they called a Pyre olophore, but they chose to install it in a boat on the river Saone in France. Coincidentally, in 1807 the Swiss inventor Franc Isaac de Rivaz designed his own ‘de Rivaz internal combustion ois engine’ and used it to develop the world’s first vehicle, to be powered by such an engine. The Nie pces’ Pyre olophore was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried Lycopodium moss), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Neither design was very successful, as was the case with others, such as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by clumsy internal combustion engines. In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouve demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris. Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile. An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885, and granted a patent in January of the following year under the auspices of his major company, Benz Cie. , which was founded in 1883. It was an integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components, and included several new technological elements to create a new concept. He began to sell his production vehicles in 1888. In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen was built in 1885, and he was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on January 29, 1886. Benz began promotion of the vehicle on July 3, 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz automobile to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. Bertha Benz, the first long distance automobile driver in the world In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife of Karl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husband’s invention. In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat engine, called boxermotor. During the last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest automobile company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, because of its size, Benz Cie. , became a joint-stock company. Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first automobile in 1892 under the brand name, Daimler. It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, that they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each others’ early work. They never worked together; by the time of the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes, that was placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG automobile was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers. Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz Cie. when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the First World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or marketed their automobile models jointly, although keeping their respective brands. On June 28, 1926, Benz Cie. and DMG finally merged as the Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its automobiles Mercedes Benz, as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG automobiles, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35 hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929, and at imes, his two sons participated in the management of the company as well. In 1890, Emile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the automobile industry in France. The first design for an American automobile with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for an automobil e in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on November 5, 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent (U. S. Patent 549,160) for a two-stroke automobile engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of automobiles in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911. In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on September 21, 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield. To construct the Duryea Motor Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a 4 HP, single cylinder gasoline engine. The car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor, and low tension ignition. It was road-tested again on November 10, when the The Springfield Republican newspaper made the announcement. This particular car was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until 1920 when it was rescued by Inglis M. Uppercu and presented to the United States National Museum. 2. Direction of automobile industry 2. Fuel technology As we all know, the earth’s resources are limited, so human beings develop fuel technology, let us make better use of these resources. There are many resources we can use, like Air engine, Battery-electric, Solar, Bioalcohol, Hydrogen and Hybrid vehicle. A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. The most common type of hybrid vehicle is the gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) and electric batteries for the energy used to power internal-combustion engines (ICEs) and electric motors. These motors are usually relatively small and would be considered â€Å"underpowered† by themselves, but they can provide a normal driving experience when used in combination during acceleration and other maneuvers that require greater power. The Toyota Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997 and it is sold worldwide since 2000. By 2010 the Prius is sold in more than 70 countries and regions, with Japan and the United States as its largest markets. In May 2008, global cumulative Prius sales reached the 1 million units, and by September 2010, the Prius reached worldwide cumulative sales of 2 million units. The United States is the largest hybrid market in the world, with more than 2 million hybrid automobiles and SUVs sold through May 2011. The Prius is the top selling hybrid car in the U. S. with 1 million units sold by April 2011. The Honda Insight is a two-seater hatchback hybrid automobile manufactured by Honda. It was the first mass-produced hybrid automobile sold in the United States, introduced in 1999, and produced until 2006. Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in Japan in February 2009, and the new Insight went on sale in the U. S. on April 22, 2009. Honda also offers the Honda Civic Hybrid since 2002. Among others, the following are popular gasoline-electric hybrid models available in the market by 2009: Ford Escape Hybrid, Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Mercury Mariner Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Saturn Vue Green Line, Lexus LS600hL, Mazda Tribute Hybrid, Nissan Altima Hybrid, Ford Fusion/Mercury Milan Hybrid, and Mercedes S400 BlueHybrid. Several major carmakers are currently developing plug-in hybrid electric ehicles (PHEVs). Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker BYD Auto released the F3DM PHEV-68 (PHEV109km) hatchback to the Chinese fleet market on December 15, 2008. The 2011 Chevrolet Volt is the first mass produced PHEV launched in the United States, and it was introduced in November 2010. Other PHEVs undergoing field testing as of December 2010 include the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid, Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrid, and S uzuki Swift Plug-in. The Sinclair C5 pedal-assisted battery vehicle. The Elantra LPI Hybrid, launched in the South Korean domestic market in July 2009, is a hybrid vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel. The Elantra PLI is a mild hybrid and the first hybrid to adopt advanced lithium polymer (Li–Poly) batteries. 2. 2 Driverless car A driverless car is a vehicle equipped with an autopilot system that is capable of driving from one point to another without guidance by a human operator. This is intended to produce several direct advantages: 1. Avoiding crashes by eliminating driver error 2. Increasing roadway capacity by reducing the distances between cars and better managing traffic flow 3. Relieving vehicle occupants from driving and navigating chores, so allowing them to concentrate on other tasks or to rest during their journeys Indirect advantages are anticipated as well. Adoption of driverless cars could reduce the number of vehicles worldwide and eliminate the need for driver’s licenses, rules of the road, traffic lights, traffic signs, highway patrols and vehicle insurances. The systems currently under development work by simulating human perception and decision-making during steering of a car via advanced computer software linked to a range of sensors such as cameras, radar and GPS. Current driverless passenger car programs include the 2 get there passenger vehicles from the Netherlands, the DARPA Grand Challenge from the USA, and Google driverless car. How to cite The History of Automobile, Papers

Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century †Click on Solution

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. Answer: Introduction Supply chain management is the back bone of an organisation and play a significant role in its overall success. Supply chain management is defined as the management of flow of goods and services across different stages of supply chain(Hugos, 2011). It is the management of flow of information, funds and products from one stage to other. This report aims at analysing the effectiveness of four key flows in Sonys supply chain, its make process and the supply chain forecasting. Based on the outcomes of analysis, suitable recommendations are offered in relation to supply chain management concepts and theories. Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, Sony Corporation is a multinational conglomerate consumer electronics company which specializes in the design, manufacturing and sales of diversified electronic equipments, devices, instruments, game consoles and software for professional, consumer and industrial markets(Sony Corporation, 2016). Sony Corporation is a recognised name in consumer electronics and occupies second position in the world behind Matsushita Electric Corporation. The primary segments of Sony include Mobile Communications, Imaging products and solutions, Game and network services, Home entertainment and sound, Pictures, Devices, Financial Services, Music etc. The company is also engaged in the acquisition, production and distribution of television programming and motion pictures. Sonys mission is to become a company that can fulfil and inspire the curiosity of its global consumers. The companys pursuit for innovation, unlimited passion for content, technology and services, enable the delivery of ground-breaking entertainment and new excitement in a way that serves as a competitive advantage against rivals. Sony indulges in responsible supply chain management and is recognised worldwide for having developed one of the worlds more effective, efficient and ethical supply chains(Sony, 2016). The company manufactures its products in different parts across the globe to effectively and efficiently meet the demands of its customers and sources only from supplier that share common social and environmental values. The Key Flows in Sonys Supply Chain A supply chain comprises of five main stages namely, customers, retailers, wholesalers or distributors, manufacturers and components or raw material suppliers(Boyer Verma, 2009). Each stage within a supply chain is connected with the flow of information, products, funds and returns. Different stages within a supply chain have different ownerships; however they work in close coordination with each other to share a common goal of satisfying the expectations of end customers. To achieve this goal it is important to emphasize on the effectiveness of four basic flows connecting different stages of supply chain. Flow of physical goods and services, flow of cash, flow of information and reverse flow of returned goods must take place in an effective manner to smoothen the overall functioning of supply chain(Christopher, 2013). Sony in this case is the manufacturer who sources its components and raw materials from suppliers across the globe and sells its finished products directly and throug h intermediaries like wholesalers, distributors and retailers. Sonys Supply chain illustrating different stages and four key flows across the stages is shown in diagram below. Sonys Supply Chain Fig.1. Source: Made by Student (2016) Flow of physical good and services: Sony has developed a responsible supply chain wherein the company has shown long term commitment in carrying out its supply chain operations in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. The company sources its components and other raw materials from suppliers that comply with its ethical code of conduct called Sony Group Code of Conduct and share common ethical values(Sony, 2016). The company carries out its transportation and distribution operations in an environmental friendly manner and ensure that they contribution towards environmental pollution remains negligible. Flow of physical goods and services occur in a downstream between stages as shown in figure. Flow of Information: Sonys is recognised worldwide for the smooth functioning of its supply chain. Success of any supply chain greatly depends on the way flow of information is managed back and forth along different stages(Myerson, 2012). Information flows both in forward and backward direction in Sonys supply chain. Sony has partnered with the worlds largest Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software service provider helping the company effectively manage the flow of information back and forth its supply chain(Ferrari, 2009). Flow of Cash: Flow of cash in Sonys supply chain occurs effectively upstream from the customer to intermediaries, to Sony and them to its suppliers. Sony collects money from its customers and intermediaries and mostly maintains a Net 90 days term with its suppliers to maintain the desired liquidity of cash level which help the company protect itself from severe liquidity problems (Ferrari, 2009). Flow of Return products: The return of product flow is also termed as reverse supply chain for products that require replacement or repairs is managed effective by Sony. The company has partnered with specialised reverse logistics operators that utilise different arrangements when compared to operators managing forward logistics for the company. Sony has moved from specialisation to comprehensive thinking to achieve success in reverse logistics(Hemming, 2007). Taking an integrated approach to reverse materials planning has helped the company save huge costs on returns logistics. Sony effectively managed the four key flows of products, cash, information and return products in its supply chain, however the company needs to improve its flow of return products to make its supply chain more cost-effective. It is recommended to outsource the process of reverse logistics to other companies that have expertise in the same as process of reverse logistics is different as compared to forward logistics. Outsourcing the process will not only help saving the cost spent on maintaining an inhouse team but will also help improving the process. The Make Process The overall success of any organisation depends greatly on its ability to maintain a balance between demand and supply. Manufacturers cannot wait till they receive confirmed customer orders before starting production they need to plan ahead for production so that they are always ready to deliver enough products to consumers. Their production schedules are based on demand forecasts. Proven production planning and scheduling process help Sony drive end-to-end supply chain optimisation(JDA: Plan to deliver, 2015). Production planning process at Sony is cascaded into three stages. First stage involves development of an Aggregate Production Plan (APP) which is a long-range materials plan and helps the company determine the needed capacity to produce estimated number of units in a few years time. Production capacity of the firm needs to be expanded in case growth is predicted. For example Sony Corporation in the year, 2014 announced their plans to invest in the expansion of Sony Semiconduc tor Corporation's Nagasaki Technology Center ("Nagasaki TEC") and Kumamoto Technology Center ("Kumamoto TEC") to expand its production capacity as per its APP(Sony, 2014). Second stage involves development of a Master Production Plan (MPP) which is a medium term plan and has a detailed structure as compared to APP. This plan helps the company determine the quantity and lead time of end products that will be delivered to consumers. For example, Sony is planning to produce 50000 units of Smartphones with 8.0 mega pixel cameras to meet the demand forecast of year 2017. The companys current inventory can support production of 40000 units but for another 10000 units they will have to release purchase order to vendors(Sony, 2014). Development of a detailed Master Production Plan helps the company effectively manage their supply chain activities to meet this medium term target. Third stage involves development of a Materials Requirement Plan (MRP) which is a short-term plan often covering a period of days/weeks (Jung, et al., 2007). MRP involves detailed planning of components and raw materials that will be required to support MPP. The plan comprises of complete details of what items are required, in what quantity, when and where. The production planning and scheduling process at Sony is illustrated in diagram below. Fig.2. Source: Made by Student (2016) Production planning starts with generation of demand forecast based on which Bill of Materials (BOM) is created(Kersten, et al., 2012). Current inventory is evaluated to input the details for requirements into scheduling process. Production order to issues if all components and raw materials required as present in current inventory, other purchase order is generated to purchase required inventory. Materials resource planning facilitates scheduling process which in turn enhances the overall effectiveness of production process. Master Production Schedule that list the items required to meet medium term plans, planning date, inventory status records and bills of materials are the inputs to Materials Planning Process(Singh, et al., 2013). Unused inventory is moved ahead to be used in next forecast demand cycle. Sony has effectively managed its make process however there have been incidents in the past that they can produced a particular product in huge amount as per the demand forecast b ut due to change in technology and competition it could not meet its sales targets and had to suffer inventory loses. Techniques like JIT and Lean can help the company prevent inventory losses. Just-in-time manufacturing strategies have helped companies like Dell, Samsung and Toyota increase efficiency of their production systems and decrease waste by receiving goods just when they are needed in the production process, enabling reduction of inventory costs(JDA: Plan to deliver, 2015). This method requires accurate information as input from forecast demand planning system. The Supply Chain Forecasting Demand forecasting is an important component of supply chain management and helps an organisation attain a balance between projected demand and available supply. Determining the most suitable forecasting method is a complex process especially when a large product line is the subject. Some of the most commonly used forecasting methods are Moving averages, exponential smoothing, regression analysis, hybrid forecasting methods, decomposition forecasting methods and custom forecasting models. Moving averages forecasting model projects forward the average of past actual. This model works on the assumption that recent past represents the future (Vanguard Software Corporation, 2016). The moving averages forecasting model works best for products that change little and presents steady trends. As Sony is a leader in innovation and it has to introduce new innovative products in the market very frequently to match industry trends and maintain its competitive advantage, the moving averages foreca sting model is not suited for Sony. Exponential smoothing is referred to as the advanced form of time series forecasting (Vanguard Software Corporation, 2016). This forecasting method possess the ability to capture recurring patterns and trends by emphasizing more from current data and information and smoothing out noise or fluctuations that is created by data randomness. Exponential smoothing compared to moving average is a better forecasting method option for Sony. Regression analysis forecasting model can also be used by Sony to determine the relationship between demand drivers and demand(Vanguard Software Corporation, 2016). This will help the company keep a track of rapidly changing trends and technology, thus keeping in pace with competitors. Conclusion Sony Corporation is recognised worldwide for the smooth functioning of its supply chain which in turn helps the company achieve and retain a competitive advantage against rivals. The company indulge in responsible supply chain management wherein they carry out their supply chain operations in a socially and environmentally responsible manner and sources all their components and raw materials from supplier who share common values and adhere to Sony Corporate Code of Conduct. The company effectively manages the flow of physical products and services, flow of information, flow of cash and flow of return products across different stages of its supply chain. However to make its supply chain more cost effective they should consider outsourcing their reverse logistics process to specialised vendors. Sony has effectively managed its make process however to further control their production and inventory cost they should implement production techniques such as Just-in-time or Lean production. Moving averages, exponential smoothing and regression analysis models are the most commonly used models of demand forecasting. However, Exponential smoothing and regression analysis models will be more suitable for Sony as they possess the ability to capture current trends and technological advancements. References Boyer, K. Verma, R., (2009) Operations and Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. New York: Cengage Learning. Christopher, M., (2013) Logistics and Supply Chain Management. London: Pearson UK. Ferrari, B., (2009) Sonys Supply Chain Challenges. [Online] Available at: https://www.theferrarigroup.com/supply-chain-matters/2009/05/22/sonys-supply-chain-challenges/ [Accessed 2016]. Hemming, E. M., (2007) Comprehensive Thinking Drives Reverse Logistics Success at Sony Ericsson. [Online] Available at: https://www.reverselogisticstrends.com/rlmagazine/edition07p25.php [Accessed 2016]. Hugos, M. H., (2011) Essentials of Supply Chain Management. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. JDA: Plan to deliver, (2015) Production Planning Scheduling. [Online] Available at: https://jda.com/~/media/jda/knowledge-center/brochures/planning-scheduling-brochure.ashx [Accessed 2016]. Jung, H., Chen, F. F. Jeong, B., (2007) Trends in Supply Chain Design and Management: Technologies and Methodologies. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Kersten, W., Blecker, T. Ringle, C. M., (2012) Managing the Future Supply Chain: Current Concepts and Solutions for Reliability and Robustness. Frankfurt: BoD Books on Demand. Myerson, P., (2012) Lean Supply Chain and Logistics Management. Chicago: McGraw Hill Professional. Singh, C. D., Singh, R., Mand, J. S. Singh, S., (2013) Application of Lean and JIT Principles in Supply Chain Management. International Journal of Management Research and Business Strategy, 2(1), pp. 85-98. Sony Corporation, (2016) About Sony. [Online] Available at: https://www.sony.com/electronics/about-sony [Accessed 2016]. Sony, (2014) Sony increases production capacity for stacked CMOS image sensors. [Online] Available at: https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201407/14-070E/ [Accessed 2016]. Sony, (2016) Basic Philosophy of Supply Chain Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/procurementinfo/activities/ [Accessed 2016]. Vanguard Software Corporation, (2016) Forecasting Methods, Models, Techniques. [Online] Available at: https://www.vanguardsw.com/business-forecasting-101/moving-averages/Forecasting Methods, Models, Techniques [Accessed 2016].

Does Imperialism Really Work Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Does Imperialism Really Work? Essay, Research Paper Period 3 Novermber 9, 2000 Does Imperialism Really Work? Imperialism is a policy by a stronger state to make an imperium by ruling weaker states economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. It doesn # 8217 ; t work for the most portion. It strains dealingss between states and by and large creates bad feelings. Almost every clip the United States got involved in a foreign topographic point it caused problem. The chief times that strained dealingss occurred were durring the late 18 100s in Latin America and the far east. Hawaii, for illustration, was annexed when the authorities that was in topographic point there was working absolutely all right. The Filipino people rebeled against the United States forces when they became a district of the U.S. Cuba was helped toward independency by the U.S. , but they besides put an amendment in their fundamental law that limited their trade and engagement with states other than the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Imperialism Really Work Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. really greatly. I agree with the statement # 8220 ; Imperialism normally causes labored dealingss between the states involved. # 8221 ; The United States involvment in Hawaii was definetely an illustration of imperialism doing labored dealingss. The original ground that the U.S. got involved with Hawaii was for trade. They were besides renting Pearl Harbor from them as a naval fueling station. The male monarch of Hawaii was forced to subscribe a revised fundamental law that basically gave the U.S. control of Hawaii. In 1891 his sister came to power. She opposed U.S. control in Hawaii and because of this was removed from power. Shortly after this Hawaii was annexed by the United States with small idea to how the indigens felt or whether they could regulate themselves. The Hawaii appropriation is a good illustration of labored dealingss caused by imperialism. The Phillipines besides didn # 8217 ; t react good to American imperialism. When the U.S. bought the Philipines from Spain at the terminal of the Spanish-American war, they justified themselves by stating that the Filipino people were unfit to regulate themselves. They besides said tha T if the U.S. hadn’t taken over person else would have. When the Filipinos found out about this they felt that they had been stabbed in the dorsum. They had fought with the American military personnels against Spain durring the Spanish-American War anticipating to acquire independency in the terminal. Now they had a new proprietor alternatively. A barbarous war broke out between the U.S. and the Philipines that lasted over three old ages. That would be a definite illustration of labored dealingss. America # 8217 ; s engagement in Cuba was besides non every bit friendly as most would hold liked for it to be. After Cuba had been holding jobs with Spain for a piece, America got involved to protect their trade involvement. After the Spainsh-American War got it # 8217 ; s independency, but because of the helter-skelter environment at the clip, President McKinley installed a military authorities at that place. It remained at that place for three old ages. When the Cuban authorities eventually did get down to outline a fundamental law the U.S. made them include a clump of commissariats outlined in the Platt Amendment. The commissariats included non allowing the Cuban authorities enter in any foreign understandings, Cuba must let the U.S. to hold two naval bases on the island, and Cuba had to give America the right to step in whenever they felt it was necessary. All of these things couldn # 8217 ; t assist but do some labored dealingss between Cuba and the U.S. The statement # 8220 ; Imperialism normally causes labored dealingss between the states involved # 8221 ; is decidedly true. America # 8217 ; s engagement in the far east and Latin America are good illustrations of this. When the U.S. annexed Hawaii they did it without even consdering the well being of the indigens of the islands. The Philipines was anticipating independency when they helped America in the Spanish- American War, but alternatively they got a new proprietor. Cuba was helped toward its independency by the U.S. but so the Platt Amendment was added to their fundamental law restricting their contact with states other than America. Any one of these things would be plenty to acquire on a individual # 8217 ; s nervousnesss. For the most portion nil good comes from imperialism.